Determining Wave Transmission over Rubble-Mound Breakwaters: Assessment of Existing Formulae through Benchmark Testing

Low-crested and submerged breakwaters are frequently employed as coastal defence structures. Their efficiency is governed by wave energy dissipation, the transmission coefficient can evaluate this parameter. The current study conducts experimental investigations on both low-crested exposed to different conditions compare their performance with that of emerged breakwaters. provides a comprehensive review existing formulae highlights impact design variables. To reliability each formula, four “reference” configurations used. Having these structures at same overall volume, results also provide useful tool for engineers involved in lowering operation Nature magnitude governing parameters investigated, some points criticism outlined. comparison show few equations give reliable estimates all models tested study. Higher values root mean square error related breakwater rather than ones. obtain information about transmitted energy, spectral analysis applied well. Different behaviours spectrum, n terms shape peak frequency, highlighted. improve knowledge literature, order make user more aware.